Understanding Kennel Cough in Dogs
Dogs exhibiting signs of frequent coughing or appearing as though they are choking may be suffering from canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), commonly known as kennel cough or canine infectious tracheobronchitis. Kennel cough can be distressing to hear, but it is typically not a grave health issue, and many dogs recover without any medical intervention.
What Causes Kennel Cough?
Similar to the common cold in humans, kennel cough can be caused by various pathogens. The bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica is often responsible, which is why the disease is sometimes referred to as Bordetella. Dogs with Bordetella frequently have a concurrent viral infection, which may include canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, canine herpes virus, canine influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, or canine reovirus. These viruses can increase a dog’s susceptibility to Bordetella.
Infection occurs when dogs inhale bacteria or virus particles into their respiratory tract, which is typically protected by mucus that traps infectious agents. However, certain conditions can compromise this defense, leading to inflammation in the larynx and trachea. These conditions include:
- Crowded or poorly ventilated environments such as kennels and shelters
- Exposure to cold temperatures
- Inhalation of dust or cigarette smoke
- Stress related to travel
Symptoms of Kennel Cough
The hallmark symptom of kennel cough is a persistent, strong cough that may resemble a goose honk. This is different from a reverse sneeze, which is a cough-like sound common in some dogs and usually indicates minor throat irritation or post-nasal drip. Other symptoms may include sneezing, runny nose, or eye discharge. Dogs with kennel cough typically maintain their appetite and energy levels.
Duration and Recovery
Recovery from kennel cough usually occurs within 1 to 3 weeks, although it can last up to 6 weeks in older dogs or those with existing health issues. Since kennel cough can progress to pneumonia, it is important to consult a veterinarian if there is no improvement within the expected timeframe. Symptoms such as rapid breathing, loss of appetite, or lethargy should prompt immediate veterinary attention as they could indicate more severe conditions.
Treatment Options
Kennel cough is highly contagious, and it is crucial to isolate affected dogs from others and seek veterinary advice. While there is no specific cure, treatments may include antibiotics to target Bordetella, cough suppressants, and anti-inflammatory medications. Providing a humid environment and using a harness instead of a collar can also help reduce coughing.
Prevention Strategies
Vaccines are available to prevent kennel cough, including injectable, nasal mist, and oral forms. Although they do not guarantee complete protection due to the variety of causative agents, they can still be beneficial. Vaccines are typically administered annually, with high-risk dogs potentially requiring biannual vaccination. Notably, vaccines cannot treat active infections.
Additional Causes of Coughing in Dogs
Dogs may cough to clear their airways of dust and germs or due to infections and viruses. Being social animals, they are prone to contracting germs from other dogs or contaminated surfaces. Possible causes of coughing include:
- Fungal infections, which are treatable with prescription medications
- Heartworms, spread by mosquitoes and preventable through medication
- Distemper virus, which is airborne and preventable by vaccine
- Heart disease, which can pressure the lungs and airways, treatable with medication, diet, and exercise
- Congestive heart failure, causing fluid in the lungs and coughing
- Lung problems such as bronchitis, pneumonia, or foreign body inhalation, treatable with antibiotics
- Tracheal collapse, particularly in small breeds, leading to a harsh cough and breathing difficulties
When to Consult a Veterinarian
It is advisable to seek veterinary care if a dog’s cough persists beyond a week, worsens, or is accompanied by fatigue, fever, appetite loss, or other health issues. Veterinarians will conduct an examination and tests to diagnose the cause and determine the appropriate treatment.
Preventive measures are key to maintaining a dog’s health. This includes regular vaccinations, heartworm prevention, and avoiding contact with sick or coughing dogs.
